Have been parked here since Sunday. Will leave tomorrow as this place is full for the week-end. No word on part today.
Pup tents on one side of us is a US conservation crew. 3 boys and 2 girls are working in a natural wildlife refuge close to here. They are between 18 and 25. They have to wear steel toed boots and they come back to camp every night so tired and the first thing they do is take off their boots. They are out of Minnesota, I think.
The small pop up behind us is like the size of 1/2 of regular pop up camper and is pulled by a motorcycle.
Our son called last night and he was familiar with this place. He said we should have rented a golf cart and gone fishing. It is 3 or 4 blocks from our motorhome and we haven't felt like carrying everything to the water to fish. Besides, Monday and Tuesday, it was too hot and humid to do so.
These pictures aren't real great. First, I don't know how to work camera very well. Second, I cannot see in the viewer when taking a picture when I am in the sun. Then I forgot how to download them and share them. Have spent 2 hours trying to figure that out.
Got a chip in our windshield fixed today. That was a trip. Our insurance, Progressive, has a "preferred provider" which is Safelite so they had a man from Jamestown which is 100 miles away driver and fix chip for their fee of $60.
Cisco is afraid of 3 wooden silhouette black bears.
There allot of permanent residences here. Travel trailers, 5th wheels, park models. I guess they live here during the summer.
Talked with a neighbor fisherman today. I guess the fishing is really good here. He says there can be 500 boats on lake and still room for more. And the people tell me that there are LOTS of fish in lake. More plentiful than Minnesota, but the lakes in Mn are owned by the Indians and they put a slot on what can be caught. There is a train that actually brings ice fishermen here during the winter. This fisherman tells me that he usually spends $20 for gas for his boat in one week-end because it takes 20 minutes to get from one part of lake to another.
| Devils Lake | |
|---|---|
 | |
| View from space (March 2009) | |
| Location | Ramsey / Benson counties, North Dakota, USA |
| Coordinates | 48°2′5″N 98°56′39″W / 48.03472°N 98.94417°W |
| Lake type | Endorheic |
| Catchment area | 3,810 sq mi (9,900 km2) |
| Basin countries | United States |
| | |
| Surface elevation | 1,451.98 ft (442.56 m) |
| | |
| Settlements | Devils Lake, Minnewaukan |
Devils Lake is a freshwater lake in the U.S. state of North Dakota. It is the largest natural body of water and the second-largest body of water in North Dakota after the artificially created Lake Sakakawea. In 2006, it reached a historical high elevation of 1,449.2 ft (441.7 m) , an area of 216 mi² (560 km²), and a volume of 2.7 million acre-feet (3.3 km³). On July 2, 2010, the National Weather Service monitoring station at Devils Lake reported a lake level of 1451.98 ft.
The city of Devils Lake, North Dakota takes its name from the lake.
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Geography
Devils Lake is located in Ramsey County and Benson County in northeastern North Dakota. The Spirit Lake Tribe occupies most of the southern shore.
[edit] Hydrology
Devils Lake is the endorheic, or closed, lake of a drainage basin of some 3,800 mi² (9,800 km²), the Devils Lake Basin. The lake itself collects around 86 percent of the basin's water runoff.[1] Above a level of some 1,447 ft (441 m)(NAVD88) AMSL the lake spills into neighboring Stump Lake. At 1,458 ft (444 m) (NAVD88) the combined lake flows naturally into the Sheyenne River, though the lake has not reached this level in approximately 1,000 years. The Sheyenne River is a tributary to the Red River, which flows into Canada, with eventual exit into the Hudson Bay.[1] Current dike protection is set at 1454 ft (443 m)(NAVD88).
Under normal conditions Devils Lake is shallow, saline, and hypereutrophic (high in nutrients). During periods of excessive precipitation, however, the lake can be quite deep (up to 60 feet (18 m) in places), eutrophic (rich in minerals, nutrients, and organisms), with decreased salinity due to dilution.[1]
[edit] Salinity
Because Devils Lake is endorheic, the lake tends to be much higher in salinity than are lakes with outlets to river systems. This is similar to the Great Salt Lake in Utah.[2] Lower water levels increases salinity threatening fish and wildlife.[2] Salinity levels in the lake have been one prominent aspect of the debate over diversion of lake water into the Sheyenne River, with questions of the potential environmental impact of the diverted water on downstream rivers, lakes, and communities.[3]
[edit] Flooding
Devils Lake is well-known for its wide variations in lake levels, with large swings between low and high water levels. This owes in large part to its nature as a closed-basin lake, lacking a natural outlet. The release of water is dependent upon evaporation and seepage.[2]
The low, flat terrain of the region in which Devils Lake resides consists of various coulees, channels, and basins, which may be separated during times of low water, or connected during high water.[2] Thus the boundaries of the lake can vary greatly from year to year, depending on the amount of precipitation.
The conversion of natural flood control mechanisms into agricultural land has had an effect on the flooding at Devils Lake. Drainage of the basin's wetlands and conversion of the basin's native prairie to cropland allows water to move more rapidly into the lake increasing water levels.[4] In addition, the diversion of natural water flows has also been viewed as a contributor to the flooding.[4]
An increase in precipitation between 1993 and 1999 caused the lake to double in size, forcing the displacement of over 300 homes and covering 70,000 acres (280 km2) of farmland with water.[5] Attempts to mitigate the flooding have reportedly cost North Dakota and the U.S. Government over $450 million. Efforts to control flooding include dike construction and moving railroad lines, roads, and power lines.[6]
In response to the flooding, the U.S. Congress directed the Army Corps of Engineers to research construction of an outlet in 1997 to control the lake level through methods other than evaporation or natural overflow.[3] The Corps' design included mechanisms for filtration and monitoring of the water, and was estimated to cost $186.5 million.[7]
North Dakota, objecting to the cost and certain water quality provisions of the plan, declined to participate in construction of the Corps' outlet.[3] In 2003, the state constructed its own outlet to divert water from Devils Lake into the Sheyenne River at a cost of $28 million.[5] The outlet became operational in 2005; however, the state did not divert water from the lake in 2006 because of water quality and biota issues that prevented North Dakota from operating the outlet under its own environmental permits.[3] The outlet operated at the maximun permitted rate for the first time in July 2009 to lower the high lake level.[8]
The National Weather Service is the official government agency responsible for observing and predicting water levels at Devils Lake.[9]
[edit] Recreation
Devils Lake has long been known for fishing and other watersports. It has been named the perch capital of the world. There are a number of boat ramps and other facilities around the lake to facilitate recreational activities on the lake. Recreation in the form of open water and ice fishing has been estimated to generated in excess of $20 million dollars annually.
Sullys Hill National Game Preserve is located on the lake's southern shore. Grahams Island State Park is located on an island in the lake. Other parks on the lake include Black Tiger State Recreation Area and Shelvers Grove State Recreation Area [10] , which is now closed due to the lake's flooding.
[edit] Issues and controversies
[edit] Outlet controversy
During the most recent wet cycle which began in 1993, the lake rose over 26.5 ft (8.1 m), inundating 140 mi² (363 km²) of primarily agricultural land, necessitating the expenditure of over $400 million in flood protection measures[5] and leading some to call for an emergency outlet into the Sheyenne River.
A proposal from the Army Corps of Engineers would have drawn water from a different point of the lake, included filtration, and been able to discharge a maximum of 300 ft³/s (8 m³/s) of water from Devil's Lake, lessening the reliance of drainage on overflow or evaporation.[3] The Corps of Engineers estimated project costs to amount to $186.5 million, with the United States Congress designating $100 million to the project; North Dakota would have paid the remaining amount.[5]
The North Dakota government under Governor John Hoeven, objecting to water quality provisions and the amount of necessary funding,[3] instead constructed its own outlet, with approval of the North Dakota Department of Health and the U.S. State Department and Council For Environmental Quality. Though North Dakota's outlet, which cost $28 million, has a lower maximum discharge than the federal proposal (limited to a maximum of 100 ft³/s (2.8 m³/s) by the Section 402 NDPDES Permit) and includes a gravel filter for the removal of larger organisms, it has provided some relief to the flood problem.[11] Construction began in 2003 and was completed as of summer 2005.
The outlet has drawn opposition from the governments of Minnesota and Manitoba, which maintain that the outlet would create the potential for unacceptable levels of sulfates in the river, and the potential for the transfer of unknown foreign aquatic species into the Red River basin (including Lake Winnipeg, the world's 10th-largest freshwater lake), as the outlet would release untreated water from the lake.[citation needed]
In March 2004, Manitoba, along with Minnesota and several environmental groups, sued the Department of Health in state court over the Devils Lake Outlet 402 NDPDES Permit. The outlet was allowed to proceed in state court rulings August 2004 and May 2005; however, federal courts have yet to weigh in on the issue.[citation needed]
In addition, though the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 established an intermediary, the International Joint Commission (IJC), through which the United States and Canada can solve cross-boundary water disputes, the IJC has no power to act without invocation by both nations.[12] Canada attempted to invoke the IJC for purposes of conflict resolution, but the United States did not, effectively preventing the IJC from taking part in the controversy.[13]
The Canadian government has taken a particular interest in the matter, arguing that completion of the outlet as currently planned would be a violation of the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 and Canada's national sovereignty. The U.S. government contends the diversion will not be harmful or violate the treaty under current conditions.
In November 2005, a joint United States and Canadian study concluded that none of the 13 species Canada classifies as invasive were present in Devils Lake. The study did find three species of fish parasites that are not currently known to exist in Lake Winnipeg. However, all three are ubiquitous to the waters of North America and have a wide variety of hosts. A difficulty inherent in determining what species are in Devils Lake versus Lake Winnipeg results from spatial relationships. Devils Lake is approximately 193 mi² (502 km²) in area. Lake Winnipeg covers approximately 9,400 mi² (24,300 km²), or almost 49 times larger than Devils Lake. In addition, the Devils Lake Basin is significantly smaller than the watersheds feeding Lake Winnipeg, including the Saskatchewan River basin at approximately 56,000 mi² (1,450,000 km²). Drawing conclusions about the biological community already in Lake Winnipeg is difficult, due to the relative lack of biological sampling compared to Devils Lake. To that end, joint efforts by the United States and Canada began a biannual biological survey of Devils Lake, the Sheyenne River, the Red River, Lake Traverse, and Lake Winnipeg beginning in 2006 and ending in 2008. Data from the first year of sampling indicates that fish in Devils Lake are healthier than fish in other waterbodies in the region. Highlighting the lack of knowledge about biological communities outside of Devils Lake, two alien parasite species were found in Lake Winnipeg, the Asian tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and the blood dwelling trematode, Sanguincola occidentalis. To date, the Government of Manitoba has not swayed from its position that the State of North Dakota install a more extensive filtration system at the outlet of the lake than is already in place.[citation needed]
[edit] Carp
Due to the rising waters of the Devils Lake and its basin, streams can flow in two directions: into the Red River Valley or the Devils Lake Basin. The Red River Valley basin contains a "rough fish", the common carp, which the North Dakota Game and Fish Department fears will enter Devils Lake basin waters in the near future, allowing the carp to populate Devils Lake. The carp's fast reproductive growth and the lack of carp predators in the lake will likely help it to dramatically increase in population. This could have drastic consequences for existing populations of game fish such as the walleye and northern pike, which could greatly harm the sport fishing industry.
Some preventative measures have been proposed, including inserting chemicals in the creeks along the boundary of the Devils Lake Basin and the Red River Valley that do not allow fish to live. Biologists did tests in 2005 which conclude that there are currently no carp in the Devils Lake Basin, but some have been found within two miles (3 km). The carp appear to have been stalled by the abundant cattail plants, which makes travel impossible for the fish.
[edit] Empire Builder
In 2009, the BNSF Railway ended all freight service between Devils Lake and Church's Ferry, a total of 19 miles, in favor of the KO Subdivision, caused by the lake's rising waters. Amtrak's Empire Builder currently runs over this route, servicing Grand Forks, Devils Lake, and Rugby, ND. BNSF has offered Amtrak the right to operate over the KO sub., and even suggest Amtrak make a station stop at New Rockford, but Amtrak has stated that they will continue running over the line. Within the next few years, Amtrak will either have to rebuild the bridge that crosses the lake in Church's Ferry, or reroute
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